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ISPELL(4) DOMAIN/IX Reference Manual () ISPELL(4)
NAME
ispell - format of ispell dictionaries
DESCRIPTION
Dictionaries for ispell(1) come in two formats: raw, and
unhashed. The hashed dictionary is generated by buildhash
(see ispell(1)) from the raw dictionary, and is not
described here.
A raw ispell dictionary (either the main dictionary or your
own personal dictionary) contains a list of words, one per
line. Each word may optionally be followed by a slash ("/")
and one or more flags, which modify the root word as
explained below. Case is significant in the root word, but
ignored in the flags. The dictionary does not need to be
sorted.
The case of the root word controls the case of words
accepted by ispell, as follows:
(1) If the root word appears only in lower case (e.g.,
"bob"), it will be accepted in lower case, capitalized,
or all capitals.
(2) If the root word appears capitalized (e.g., "Robert"),
it will be not be accepted in all-lower case, but will
be accepted capitalized or all in capitals.
(3) If the root word appears all in capitals (e.g.,
"UNIX"), it will only be accepted all in capitals.
(4) If the root word appears with a "funny" capitalization
(e.g., "ITCorp"), a word will be accepted only if it
follows that capitalization, or if it appears all in
capitals.
(5) More than one capitalization of a root word may appear
in the dictionary. Flags from different capitaliza-
tions are combined by OR-ing them together.
Redundant capitalizations (e.g., "bob" and "Bob") will be
combined by buildhash and by ispell (for personal dic-
tionaries), and can be removed from a raw dictionary by mun-
chlist.
For example, the dictionary:
bob
Robert
UNIX
ITcorp
ITCorp
Printed 7/7/87 ISPELL-1
ISPELL(4) DOMAIN/IX Reference Manual () ISPELL(4)
will accept "bob," "Bob," "BOB," "Robert," "ROBERT," "UNIX,"
"ITcorp," "ITCorp," and "ITCORP," and will reject all oth-
ers. Some of the unacceptable forms are "bOb," "robert,"
"Unix," and "ItCorp."
As mentioned above, root words in any dictionary may be
extended by flags. Each flag is a single alphabetic charac-
ter, which represents a suffix that may be added to the root
to form a new word. For example, the "D" flag can be added
to "bathe" to make "bathed". Since flags are represented as
a single bit in the hashed dictionary, this results in sig-
nificant space savings. The munchlist script will reduce an
existing raw dictionary by adding flags when possible.
When a word is extended with a suffix, the suffix will be
accepted only if it appears in the same case as the final
letter of the word. Thus, for example, the entry "UNIX/M"
in the main dictionary ("M" means add an apostrophe and an
"s" to make a possessive) would accept "UNIX'S" but would
reject "UNIX's". If "UNIX's" is legal, it must appear as a
separate dictionary entry, and it will not be combined by
munchlist.
In the following discussion of the flags, let # and @ be
"variables" that can stand for any letter. Upper case
letters are constants. "..." stands for any string of zero
or more letters, but note that no word may exist in the dic-
tionary which is not at least 2 letters long, so, for exam-
ple, "fly" may not be produced by placing the "Y" flag on
"f". Also, no flag is effective unless the word that it
creates is at least 4 letters long, so, for example, "wed"
may not be produced by placing the "D" flag on "we".
The meaning of the flags is as follows:
V
...e --> ...ive as in create --> creative
if # .ne. e, ...# --> ...#ive as in prevent -->
preventive
N
...e --> ...ion as in create --> creation
...y --> ...ication as in multiply --> multiplication
if # .ne. e or y, ...# --> ...#en as in fall --> fal-
len
X
...e --> ...ions as in create --> creations
...y --> ...ications as in multiply --> multiplica-
tions
if # .ne. e or y, ...# --> ...#ens as in weak -->
weakens
ISPELL-2 Printed 7/7/87
ISPELL(4) DOMAIN/IX Reference Manual () ISPELL(4)
H
...y --> ...ieth as in twenty --> twentieth
if # .ne. y, ...# --> ...#th as in hundred --> hun-
dredth
Y
... --> ...ly as in quick --> quickly
G
...e --> ...ing as in file --> filing
if # .ne. e, ...# --> ...#ing as in cross --> crossing
J
...e --> ...ings as in file --> filings
if # .ne. e, ...# --> ...#ings as in cross --> cross-
ings
D
...e --> ...ed as in create --> created
if @ .ne. a, e, i, o, or u, ...@y --> ...@ied as in
imply --> implied
if # .ne. e or y, or (# = y and @ = a, e, i, o, or u)
...@# --> ...@#ed as in cross --> crossed or con-
vey --> conveyed
T
...e --> ...est as in late --> latest
if @ .ne. a, e, i, o, or u, ...@y --> ...@iest as in
dirty --> dirtiest
if # .ne. e or y, or (# = y and @ = a, e, i, o, or u)
...@# --> ...@#est as in small --> smallest or
gray --> grayest
R
...e --> ...er as in skate --> skater
if @ .ne. a, e, i, o, or u, ...@y --> ...@ier as in
multiply --> multiplier
if # .ne. e or y, or (# = y and @ = a, e, i, o, or u)
...@# --> ...@#er as in build --> builder or con-
vey --> conveyer
Z
...e --> ...ers as in skate --> skaters
if @ .ne. a, e, i, o, or u, ...@y --> ...@iers as in
multiply --> multipliers
if # .ne. e or y, or (# = y and @ = a, e, i, o, or u)
...@# --> ...@#ers as in build --> builders or
slay --> slayers
S
if @ .ne. a, e, i, o, or u, ...@y --> ...@ies as in
imply --> implies
Printed 7/7/87 ISPELL-3
ISPELL(4) DOMAIN/IX Reference Manual () ISPELL(4)
if # .eq. s, x, z, or h, ...# --> ...#es as in fix -->
fixes
if # .ne. s, x, z, h, or y, or (# = y and @ = a, e, i,
o, or u) ...@# --> ...@#s as in bat --> bats or
convey --> conveys
P
if @ .ne. a, e, i, o, or u, ...@y --> ...@iness as in
cloudy --> cloudiness
if # .ne. y, or @ = a, e, i, o, or u, ...@# -->
...@#ness as in late --> lateness or gray -->
grayness
M
... --> ...'s as in dog --> dog's
To summarize more briefly:
V - ive
N - ion, tion, en
X - ions, ications, ens
H - th, ieth
Y - ly
G - ing
J - ings
D - ed
T - est
R - er
Z - ers
S - s, es, ies
P - ness, iness
M - 's
SEE ALSO
ispell(1)
ISPELL-4 Printed 7/7/87